n Most native birds are protected and a special permit is required to shoot them.

The long-billed corella, sulphur-crested cockatoo and galah are not protected, but growers have to establish they are causing serious damage and must comply with firearm laws.

n A large variety of noise-making devices has been used to scare birds. With most noise devices, there is an initial period when there is some effect. This is the novelty effect created by an unfamiliar noise or object. Almost always, birds then become used to these devices and learn to ignore them. It is possible that gas guns, if not moved frequently and backed up with some real shooting, might act as signals to tell birds where the good food is.

Some electronic bird scarers use a range of artificial sounds. Such noises are unlikely to have any significance for birds, other than the initial novelty effect. In other words, birds should get used to these noises within a short period, especially if the noises are played constantly or very frequently.

Electronic bird scarers that produce the birds' own alarm or distress calls should be more effective, and if used in combination with other scaring stimuli, and only played for brief periods when birds are present, might not lead to habituation.

n Kites and scarecrows can be an effective part of an integrated scaring strategy, if moved frequently and reinforced with real danger in the form of some shooting.

Where sulphur-crested cockatoos attack vines, installation of electrified perches fitted with live and neutral wires placed above the vine rows, powered by a normal electric fence energiser, has been reported to deter these birds. The perches can be made with 25 mm diameter PVC pipe with the live wire running along one side of the pipe and the neutral wire on the other.

n There are no poisons registered for bird control and use of poisons for killing native birds is illegal.