French police rounded up thousands of Jews over two days in July 1942, wresting children from their mothers' arms and dispatching everyone to Nazi death camps. At a time of rising anti-Semitism, France honours those victims every year as it tries to keep their memory alive.
France is home to Europe's largest Jewish population and has seen a surge in anti-Semitic acts, including threats, vandalism and physical violence, following the October 7, 2023, Hamas attacks on Israel and the ensuing war in Gaza.
A plaque in Paris honouring a couple and their daughter who saved a 13-year-old child during the roundup and were recognised by Israel as Righteous Among the Nations was vandalised ahead of the ceremony, French authorities said.
"To attack the Righteous is to desecrate the entire universe," said Alice Rufo, a deputy defence minister.
"The plaque will be restored. Their memory remains undiminished. In the face of anti-Semitism, in all its forms, the Republic will not yield an inch."
Following the Nazi invasion of France in 1940, the country was ruled by a government commonly known as Vichy France, which collaborated with Nazi Germany.
Vel d'Hiv derives from the name of the Winter Velodrome that many of the detainees were confined in before they were deported to concentration and extermination camps.
On July 16 and 17, 1942, more than 4500 police officers were mobilised and dozens of buses requisitioned.
It was the largest roundup of Jews carried out in France during World War II. Arrests continued until July 20. A total of 13,152 people were deported, a third of them children.
It took France's leadership 50 years after World War II to officially acknowledge the state's involvement in the Holocaust, when then-President Jacques Chirac apologised for the French authorities' role in the Vel d'Hiv raids.
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