The attack on Monday night prompted anger among residents over the lack of protection from repeated deadly incidents.
The United Nations Integrated Office in Haiti said estimates of the death toll could still change.
The hillside community of Kenscoff, in a strategic position overlooking routes into the capital, has suffered a dozen attacks by armed gangs since 2025, forcing thousands of people to flee their homes.
Powerful gangs under a broad alliance have for years cemented their influence over Haiti's capital and expanded to nearby regions, despite attempts by foreign nations to reinforce the country's outgunned police.
Haitian rights group RNDDH estimated 30 to 40 people were killed and 15 to 20 wounded in the raid, which began around 10.30pm, but said it was difficult to assess a complete tally.
Even as Haiti's government decried a "heinous attack" and promised to reinforce security, residents demanded the local police chief step down, saying officers failed to protect people killed just minutes from the police station.
"Kenscoff will not be abandoned," the prime minister's office said on social media.
"The government's authority will be restored, without weakness and without delay."
Attacks in Kenscoff over two months in early 2025 saw more than 260 people killed and 200 homes destroyed or set on fire, forcing 3000 people to flee, according to UN estimates.
Nearly a dozen more attacks have taken place since, including rapes, kidnapping, arson and livestock theft.
Some residents said several dozen police had tried to rebuff the armed men during the night, and some were injured. They did not identify gang members among the dead.
Local media said several houses were set on fire, including the home of Jean William Pape, a leading public health expert.
"The police never gave up," national police chief Vladimir Paraison told reporters during a visit to Kenscoff later in the day.
Kenscoff overlooks routes into Petion-Ville — home to several embassies, upscale hotels and the temporary seat of government — as well as a major road from the capital into southern Haiti.
The violence may deepen concerns over Haiti's ability to hold an election in December, its first in a decade. Successive governments have repeatedly postponed elections as armed gangs have expanded their influence.
The UN-backed Gang Suppression Force, which is mandated to help police fight gangs, aims to reach a capacity of more than 5500 troops this autumn.
A spokesperson did not immediately respond to questions on whether the troops were reinforcing Kenscoff security.
with AP
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