The suspect, Daniel Park, a 32-year-old man from Washington state, was taken into custody at John F Kennedy International Airport in New York, the officials said.
He will make an initial appearance in Brooklyn federal court on Wednesday afternoon and eventually face charges in California.
Park had been detained in Poland and deported by Polish authorities.
US officials were not clear why he had travelled to Poland and said he was not in southern California on the day of the bombing.
Officials alleged that Park secured 270 pounds of a fertiliser for Guy Bartkus, the primary suspect in the bombing.
The officials charged Park with providing and attempting to provide material support to a terrorist.
Bartkus, 25, died in the blast.
A bomb detonated shortly before 11am local time on May 17 in or near a car parked outside the fertility clinic, operated by American Reproductive Center.
In addition to the death of the primary suspect, several other people were injured, according to authorities.
Bartkus had "nihilistic ideations," FBI officials said at the time, adding that they were investigating the attack as an act of terrorism.
On Wednesday law enforcement officials said that Park shared those views and had posted them on internet forums.
Wednesday's arrest was first reported by NBC News.
